SETTING-UP  EXERCISES  FOR  !E«RS  OF 
THE  UNIFORMED  FORCE 

AND 

FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED 

FIRE  DEPARTMENT 


GIFT  OF 


FIRE  DEPARTMENT 

WASHINGTON     :    :    DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES 

FOR   MEMBERS    OF   THE   UNIFORMED    FORCE 

AND 

FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED 

V 

1916 


WASHINGTON 
1916 


INSTRUCTIONS. 

These  exercises  are  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the  members  of  the 
Department  in  good  physical  condition. 

It  has  been  observed  that  a  great  many  of  the  members  have 
increased  in  weight,  especially  about  the  abdomen,  and  these  exer- 
cises are  for  the  purpose  of  correcting  this  condition,  and  for  stimu- 
lating the  heart,  lungs,  and  digestive  system. 

In  order  that  they  may  prove  beneficial,  all  the  exercises  should 
be  executed  with  vigor  and  enthusiasm. 

3 


347182 


POSITION. 

The  position  of  attention  should  be  assumed  before  starting  the 
exercises.  It  is  as  follows: 

Heels  on  the  same  line,  and  as  near  each  other  as  the  conformation 
of  each  man  permits;  feet  turned  out  equally,  and  forming  an  angle 
of  about  45  degrees;  knees  straight  without  stiffness;  the  body  erect 
on  the  hips,  and  spine  extended  throughout  its  entire  length;  the 
shoulders,  falling  naturally,  are  forced  back  until  they  are  square; 
chest  arched  and  slightly  raised.  The  arms  hang  naturally,  thumb 
along  seam  of  trousers,  back  of  hand  out,  and  elbows  turned  back; 
head  erect,  chin  drawn  in,  so  that  the  axis  of  the  head  and  neck  is 
vertical;  eyes  straight  to  the  front,  and  fixed  on  an  object  at  their 
own  height. 

In  this  position  the  weight  rests  principally  upon  the  balls  of  the 
feet,  the  heels  resting  lightly  upon  the  ground.  When  properly 
assumed,  a  vertical  line  drawn  from  the  top  of  the  head  should 
pass  in  front  of  the  ear,  just  in  front  of  the  shoulder  and  the  thigh, 
and  find  its  base  at  the  balls  of  the  feet. 

Prior  to  starting  the  exercises,  the  men  should  form  in  line,  four 
paces  from  each  other. 


First  Series. 

1.  Position  of  attention,  from  at  ease  and  rest. 

2.  Starting  positions,  Par.  10,  Figs.  1  to  8. 

3.  1.  Raise  and  lower  arms  to  side  horizontal. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  2. 

The  arms  rigidly  extended  are  brought  to  the  sides  smartly 
without  coming  in  contact  with  the  thighs.  Inhale  on  first 
and  exhale  on  second  count. 


FIG.  9. 

4.1.  Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Quarter  bend  trunk  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  9. 

The  trunk  is  inclined  forward  at  the  waist  about  45  degrees 
and  then  extended  again;  the  hips  are  as  perpendicular  as  pos- 
sible; execute  slowly;  exhale  on  first  and  inhale  and  raise 
chest  on  second  count. 


6  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

5.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Raise  shoulders. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  10. 

The  shoulders  are  raised  as  high  as  possible  without  derang- 
ing the  position  of  the  body  or  head  and  lowered  back  to 
position;  execute  briskly;  inhale  on  first  and  exhale  on  second 
count. 


FIG.  10.  FIG.  11. 

6.  1.  Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Quarter  bend  knees. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  11. 

The  knees  are  flexed  until  the  point  of  the  knee  is  directly 
over  the  toes;  whole  foot  remains  on  ground;  heels  closed; 
head  and  body  erect;  execute  moderately  fast,  emphasizing 
the  ex  tension;  breathe  naturally. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  7 

7.  1.  Arms  backward,  2.  CROSS,  3.  Rise  on  toes. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  12. 

The  body  is  raised  smartly  until  the  toes  and  ankles  are 
extended  as  much  as  possible;  heels  closed;  head  and  trunk 
erect;  in  recovering  position  heels  are  lowered  gently;  breathe 
naturally. 


FIG.  12. 


Breathing  exercise,  2.  INHALE,  3.  EXHALE. 

At  inhale  the  arms  are  stretched  forward  overhead  and  the 
lungs  are  inflated;  at  exhale  the  arms  are  lowered  laterally  and 
the  lungs  deflated;  execute  slowly;  repeat  four  times. 


8  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

Second  Series. 

1.  Position  of  attention,  as  in  first  series. 

2.  Repeat  first  lesson . 

3.  1.  Hands  on  shoulders,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Extend  arms  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times. 

The  arms  are  extended  forward  forcibly,  palms  down,  and 
brought  back  to  position  smartly,  elbows  being  forced  back; 
exhale  on  first  and  inhale  on  second  count. 


4.  1, 


FIG.  13. 

Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Bend  trunk  backward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  13. 

The  trunk  is  bent  backward  as  far  as  possible;  head  and 
shoulders  fixed;  knees  extended;  feet  firmly  on  the  ground; 
hips  as  nearly  perpendicular  as  possible;  in  recovering  care 
should  be  taken  not  to  sway  forward;  execute  slowly;  inhale 
on  first  and  exhale  on  second  count. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  9 

5.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Move  shoulders  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  14. 

The  shoulders  are  relaxed  and  moved  forward  and  in  as  far 
as  possible  and  then  moved  backward  without  jerking;  head 
and  trunk  erect;  execute  slowly;  exhale  on  first  and  inhale 
on  second  count. 


FIG.  14.  FIG.  15. 

6.  1.  Arms  backward,  2.  CROSS,  3.  Half  bend  knees. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  15. 

The  knees  are  separated  and  bent  halfway  to  the  ground, 
point  of  knee  being  forced  downward;  head  and  trunk  erect; 
execute  smartly  and  emphasize  the  extension ;  breathe  natu- 
rally. 


10  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

7.  1.  Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Half  bend  trunk  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  16. 

The  trunk  is  inclined  forward  until  it  is  at  right  angles  to 
the  legs,  hips  perpendicular;  knees  extended;  head  and 
shoulders  fixed;  execute  moderately  slow;  exhale  on  first  and 
inhale  and  raise  chest  on  second  count. 


FIG.  16. 

1.  Hands  on  shoulders,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Strike  arms  sideward. 

The  arms,  knuckles  down,  hands  closed,  are  flung  outward 

forcibly  and  brought  back  to  shoulders  smartly;  execute  fast; 

breathe  naturally. 
Breathing  exercise,  as  in  first  lesson. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

Third  Series. 


11 


Position  of  attention,  as  in  first  series. 

Repeat  second  lesson. 

1.  Raise  arms  overhead  laterally. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  as  in  Fig.  3. 
The  arms,  rigidly  extended  at  the  elbows,  are  raised  over- 
head, palms  inward,  smartly  and  brought  down  the  same  way; 
execute  moderately  fast;  inhale  on  the  first  and  exhale  on  the 
second  count. 


FIG.  17. 

4.1.  Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Bend  trunk  sideward,  right  or 
left. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  17. 
The  trunk,  stretched  at  the  waist,  is  inclined  sideward  as 
far  as  possible;  head  and  shoulders  fixed;  knees  extended 
and  feet  firmly  on  the  ground;  execute  slowly;  inhale  on  first 
and  exhale  on  second  count. 


12 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


5.   1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Bend  head  forward  and  back- 
ward . 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  18. 
The  chin  is  drawn  in  and  the  head  bent  forward,  back  mus- 
cles of  neck  being  stretched  upward;  shoulders  remain  fixed; 
in  recovering  the  muscles  are  relaxed;  execute  slowly;  inhale 
and  raise  chest  on  first  and  exhale  on  second  count.  In  bend- 
ing the  head  backward  the  muscles  of  the  neck  are  stretched 
upward;  breathe  as  before. 


FIG.  is. 


FIG.  19. 


6.  1.  Curl  shoulders  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  G  to  8  times,  Fig.  19. 
The  shoulders  relaxed  are  rolled  forward  as  far  as  possible, 
arms  being  rotated  forward;  they  are  then  rolled  backward 
and  the  arms  are  rotated  backward;  execute  slowly;  exhale 
on  first  and  inhale  on  second  count. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  13 

Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Full  bend  knees. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  20. 

The  knees  are  separated  and  bent  as  much  as  possible; 
point  of  knees  forced  forward  and  downward;  heels  together; 
trunk  and  head  erect;  execute  slowly;  breathe  naturally. 


FIG.  20. 

8.  1.  Hands    in    rear    of .  head,   2.    LACE,  3.  On  toes,  4.    RISE, 

5.  ROCK. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times. 

The  body  is  raised  on  toes  and  then  by  short  and  quick; 
extensions  and  flections  of  the  toes  it  is  lowered  and  raised 
knees  extended;  heels  together  and  free  from  the  ground; 
breathe  naturally. 

9.  Breathing  exercise  as  in  first  lesson. 


14 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


Fourth  Series. 

1.  Repeat  third  series. 

2.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Thrust  arms  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  21. 

The  arms,  knuckles  up,  are  thrust  forward  forcibly;  in  re- 
covering the  elbows  are  forced  back;  execute  moderately  fast; 
exhale  on  first  and  inhale  on  the  second  count. 


3.  1. 


FIG.  21. 


FIG.  22. 


Hands  on  shoulders,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Twist  trunk  sideward, 
right  or  left. 

Two  counts;  repeat  G  to  8  times,  Fig.  22. 

The  trunk  is  turned  to  the  right  or  left  as  far  as  possible; 
hips  as  nearly  perpendicular  as  possible;  shoulders  square  and 
head  erect;  knees  extended  and  feet  firm;  execute  slowly; 
inhale  on  first  and  exhale  on  second  count. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


15 


Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Turn  head  right,  or  left. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times,  Fig.  23. 

The  head,  chin  square,  is  turned  to  the  right,  or  left,  as  far 
as  possible,  muscles  of  the  neck  being  stretched;  shoulders 
remain  square;  execute  slowly;  breathe  naturally. 


FIG.  23. 


FIG.  24. 


Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Raise  knee. 

Two  counts;  repeat  10  to  12  times,  Fig.  24. 

The  thigh  and  knee  are  flexed  until  they  are  at  right  angles, 
thigh  horizontal;  toes  depressed;  the  right  knee  is  raised  at 
one  and  the  left  at  two;  trunk  and  head  erect;  execute  in  ca- 
dence of  quick  time;  breathe  naturally. 


16  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

6.  1.  Fingers  in  rear  of  head,  2.  LACE,  3.  Full  bend  trunk  forward. 
FORWARD. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  25. 

The  trunk  is  bent  forward  as  far  as  possible;  knees  extended  ; 
feet  firm;  head  and  shoulders  fixed;  execute  slowly;  exhale 
on  first  and  inhale  on  second  count. 


FIG.  25. 


7.  1.  Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  On  toes,  4.  RISE,  5.  HOP. 

Two  counts;  repeat  12  to  16  times. 

The  body  is  raised  on  toes  and  the  hopping  is  performed 
with  knees  extended;  execute  fast;  breathe  naturally. 

8.  Breathing  exercise,  as  in  first  lesson. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

Fifth  Series. 

1.  Repeat  fourth  series. 

2.  1.  Arms  forward,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Stretch  arms  sideward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  26. 


17 


FIG.  26. 

From  the  front  horizontal  the  arms  are  extended  to  their 
fullest  extent  and  then  stretched  sideward,  the  arms  rotating 
till  the  palms  are  up;  the  sideward  movement  is  performed 
slowly;  the  recovery  relaxed  and  quick;  inhale  on  first  and 
exhale  on  the  second  count. 

37667°— 16 2 


18  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

3.1.  Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Bend  trunk  obliquely  forward, 
right  or  left. 

Two  counts;  repeat  4  to  8  times,  Fig.  27. 

The  trunk  is  turned  to  the  right  and  bent  forward  to  the 
half -bend  position;  shoulders  remain  square,  in  the  plane  of 
the  ground;  head  fixed;  knees  straight;  feet  firm;  hips  as 
nearly  perpendicular  as  possible;  execute  slowly;  exhale  on 
the  first  and  inhale  and  raise  chest  on  second  count. 


FIG.  27.  FIG.  28. 

4.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Extend  leg  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  28. 

The  knee  and  ankle  are  extended  forward  with  a  snap,  the 
toes  just  escaping  the  ground;  all  extensor  muscles  con- 
tracted; in  recovering  relax;  trunk  and  head  erect;  execute 
briskly ;  breathe  naturally . 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  19 

5.  1.  Hands  on  shoulders,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Move  elbows  forward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times.     Fig.  29. 

The  elbows  are  brought  together  horizontally  in  front  and 
then  forced  back  as  far  as  possible;  the  forward  movement 
relaxed,  the  backward  a  stretch  not  a  jerk;  execute  moderately 
fast;  exhale  on  the  first  and  inhale  on  the  second  count. 


FIG.  29. 

6.  1.  Hand  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Bend  trunk  forward  and  back- 
ward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times. 

Bend  trunk  forward  to  the  half-bend  position  (Fig.  16),  and 
then  backward  (Fig.  13);  execute  slowly;  exhale  on  first  and 
inhale  on  second  count. 


20  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

7.  1.  Arms  backward,  2    CROSS,  3.  Rise  on  toes,   right  and  left 
alternately. 

Four  counts;  repeat  10  to  12  times,  Fig.  30. 


FIG.  30. 

The  body  is  extended  on  the  toes  of  the  right  foot  and  then 
on  those  of  the  left;  heels  closed;  trunk  and  head  erect;  exe- 
cute moderately  fast;  breathe  naturally. 
8.  Breathing  exercise,  as  in  first  lesson. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  21 

Sixth  Series. 

1.  Repeat  fifth  series. 

2.  1.  Arms  forward  overhead,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Swing  arms  downward 

and  upward. 
Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  31. 


FIG.  31. 

3.  1.  Arms  sideward  overhead,  2.   RAISE,  3.  Fingers,  4.  LACE, 
5.  Bend  trunk  sideward,  right  and  left. 
Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  32. 
The  arms  are  fully  extended  and  the  body,  stretched  at 
the  waist,  is  bent  sideward  to  the  right  and  left;  knees  straight; 
feet  firm;  head  erect;  execute  slowly;  breathe  naturally. 


22  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

4.  1.  Knees  to  squatting  position,  hands  on  hips,  2.  BEND, 
3.  Rock  on  knees. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times. 

The  knees  are  bent  as  in  Fig.  20;  extend  and  bend  the 
knees  in  quick  succession;  trunk  and  head  erect;  heels 
closed;  execute  moderately  fast;  breathe  naturally. 


FIG.  32. 

5.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Move  shoulders  forward,  up, 
back,  and  down. 

Four  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times. 

The  shoulders  are  relaxed  and  brought  forward;  in  that 
position  they  are  raised;  then  they  are  forced  back  without 
lowering  them;  and  then  they  are  dropped  back  to  position; 
execute  slowly;  exhale  on  the  first;  inhale  on  the  second  and 
third  and  exhale  on  the  last  count. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  23 

6.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.    RAISE,  3.    Thrust  arms  forward;  swing 
them  sideward,  forward,  and  back  to  position. 
Four  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times. 


FIG.  33. 

The  arms  are  thrust  forward,  then  relaxed  and  swung  side- 
ward, then  forward  and  finally  brought  back  to  position, 
pressing  elbows  well  to  the  rear;  execute  moderately  fast; 
exhale  on  the  first  and  third  and  inhale  on  the  second  and 
fourth  counts. 


24  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

7.  1.  Hop  to  side  straddle  and  swing  arms  over  head  laterally  and 

recover  position  of  attention. 

Two  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  33. 

The  distance  between  the  legs  is  about  30  inches;  in  alight- 
ing the  toes  come  in  contact  with  the  ground  first  and  knees 
are  bent  slightly;  trunk  and  head  erect;  arms  extended; 
execute  moderately  fast;  breathe  naturally. 

8.  Breathing  exercise,  as  in  first  lesson. 


FIG.  34. 
TRAINED    SOLDIERS'    INSTRUCTION. 

First  Series. 

1.  1.  Stretch  arms  forward,  sideward,  forward  and  down. 
Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times. 

The  arms,   stretched  to  their  utmost,  are  raised  forward 
horizontally,    then    moved    sideward,    knuckles    down;  in 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


25 


returning  and  lowering  the  arms  the  muscles  are  relaxed; 
trunk  and  head  erect;  execute  first  two  motions  slowly; 
second  two  moderately  fast;  inhale  on  first  and  second,  and 
exhale  on  third  and  fourth  counts. 

Hands  on  shoulders,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Half  bend  trunk  forward 
and  extend  arms  sideward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  34. 

The  trunk  is  bent  as  in  Fig.  16,  and  arms  are  extended 
forcibly;  in  the  recovery  the  elbows  are  forced  back  and  the 
chest  raised;  execute  slowly;  exhale  on  first,  inhale  on  second 
count. 


FIG.  35. 


Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Full  bend  knees  and  extend 
arms  sideward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  35. 

The  knees  are  bent  as  in  Fig.  20,  and  arms  are  extended 
sideward  forcibly;  execute  moderately  slow;  breathe  naturally. 


26  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

4.  1.  Arms  sideward,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Roll  shoulders  and  arms  for- 
ward and  back. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times,  Fig.  36. 

The  arms  are  rotated  and  the  shoulders  rolled  forward  and 
backward  as  far  as  possible;  execute  slowly;  exhale  on  first 
and  inhale  and  raise  chest  on  second  count. 


FIG.  36. 

5.  1.  Hands  on  shoulders,    2.  PLACE,   3.  Twist  trunk   sideward 
right,  or  left,  and  extend  arms  sideward. 
Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  37. 
The  trunk  is  twisted  as  in  Fig.  22;  execute  moderately 
fast;  inhale  on  the  first  and  exhale  on  the  second  count. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


27 


Raise  arms  and  right  or  left  leg  forward,  move  arms  sideward 
and  leg  backward;  move  arms  and  leg  forward  and  recover. 

Four  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  38. 

On  the  first  count,  the  arms  and  legs  are  raised  forward, 
arms  horizontal,  leg  extended;  toes  depressed;  foot  at  height 


FIG.  37. 


FIG.  38. 


of  knee;  on  the  second  count  the  arms  are  moved  smartly 
to  side  horizontal  and  the  leg  is  moved  backward,  knee  and 
toes  extended;  at  three  the  first  position  is  assumed  and  at/ow 
the  position  of  attention;  execute  moderately  fast;  inhale 
on  first  two  and  exhale  on  last  two  counts. 


28  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

7.  1.  Forearms  vertically,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Extend  arms  upward  and 
raise  on  toes;  resume  vertical  position;  and  recover  position 
of  attention. 
Four  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  39. 


FIG.  39. 

The  forearms  are  raised  vertically  at  one;  at  two  they  are 
extended  upward  and  the  body  is  raised  on  toes;  at  three  the 
first  position  is  assumed,  and  at/owr  the  position  of  attention; 
execute  briskly;  inhale  on  first  two  and  exhale  on  last  two 
counts. 
8  Breathing  exercise. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  29 

Second  Series. 

1.  Repeat  first  series. 

2.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,    2.  RAISE,    3.  Thrust  arms  upward,   swing 

downward  and  backward,  swing  upward  and  recover. 
Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times,  Fig.  40. 


FIG.  40.  FIG.  41. 

The  arms  are  thrust  upward  forcibly  at  one'  at  two  the 
arms,  relaxed,  are  swung  downward  to  the  front  and  back 
ats  far  as  possible;  at  three  they  are  swung  upward,  and  at/owr 
the  position  of  attention  is  resumed;  trunk  and  head  erect; 
knees  extended;  execute  moderately  fast;  inhale  on  first 
three  and  exhale  on  last  count. 


30  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

3.  1.  Hands  on  shoulders,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Bend  trunk  backward 
and  extend  arms  sideward,  knuckles  up. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  41. 

The  trunk  is  bent  backward  as  in  Fig.  13,  and  the  arms, 
knuckles  down,  are  extended  to  the  side  horizontal;  head 
fixed;  knees  extended;  feet  firm;  execute  slowly;  inhale  on 
first  and  exhale  on  second  count. 


FIG.  42. 

4.  1.  Full  bend  knees  and  raise  arms,  knuckles  down,  to  side  hori- 
zontal, 2.  BEND,  3.  Rock,  and  circle  arms  backward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times,  Fig.  42. 

The  knees,  bent  to  the  squatting  position,  are  slightly 
extended  and  flexed  as  in  Exercise  4,  Sixth  Lesson,  Recruit 
Instruction,  and  the  arms  are  circled  backward  in  circles  of 
about  12  inches;  head  and  trunk  erect;  arms  extended;  exe- 
cute moderately  fast:  breathe  naturally. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


31 


Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Circle  trunk  right,  or  left. 

Six  counts;  repeat  4  to  6  times,  Fig.  43. 

The  trunk  is  half  bent  forward  at  one;  at  two  it  is  moved  to 
the  right  side  bend  position;  at  three  to  the  back  bend;  at 
four  to  the  left  bend;  at  five  to  the  front  bend  position  and 
raised  at  six;  knees  extended;  feet  firm;  head  fixed;  execute 
slowly;  exhale  on  first;  inhale  on  second;  hold  breath  on 
third  and  fourth;  exhale  on  fifth  and  inhale  on  sixth  count. 


FIG.  43. 


FIG.  44. 


Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Swing  right  and  left  leg  for- 
ward, breast  high,  and  extend  right  and  left  arm  forward 
horizontally,  alternating  right  and  left. 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times,  Fig.  44. 

The  right  leg,  knee  extended,  is  swung  forward  high  enough 
to  come  in  contact  with  the  hand;  supporting  leg  extended; 
body  inclined  as  little  as  possible;  execute  moderately  fast; 
breathe  naturally. 


32  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

7.  1.  Leaning  rest  in  four  counts. 

Repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  45  a  and  b. 

At  one  knees  are  bent  to  squatting  position,  hands  on  the 
ground  between  knees;  at  two  the  legs  are  extended  back- 
ward to  the  leaning  rest;  at  three  the  first  position  is  resumed, 


FIG.  45  a. 


FIG.  45  6. 


and  at  four  the  position  of  attention;  hands  should  be  directly 
under   shoulders;  back   arched;  knees   straight;  head   fixed; 
execute  moderately  fast;  breathe  naturally. 
Breathing  exercise. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  33 

Third  Series. 

1.  Repeat  second  series. 

2.  1.  Stretch  arms  forward,  sideward,  upward,  sideward,  forward, 

and  down. 

Six  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times. 

First  five  counts  arms  are  extended  as  much  as  possible;  in 
the  last  they  are  relaxed ;  execute  slowly ;  inhale  on  first  three 
counts  and  exhale  on  last  three. 


FIG. 46. 

3.  1.  Half  bend  trunk  forward  and  rotate  arms  inward;  raise  and 
bend  trunk  backward,  raising  and  rotating  arms  backward, 
palms  up;  resume  first  position  and  recover. 

Four  counts;  repeat  4  to  8  times,  Fig.  46. 

In  the  first  position  the  body  and  arms  are  relaxed ;  in  the 
second  the  body  and  arms  are  tense  (Fig.  41);  the  third  posi- 
tion is  the  same  as  the  first,  and  at  four  the  position  of  atten- 
tion is  resumed ;  execute  slowly ;  exhale  on  first  and  third  and 
inhale  on  second  and  fourth  counts. 

37667°— 16 3 


34 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


4.  1, 


Hands  on  hips,  2.  PLACE,  3.  Rise  on  toes,  bend  knees  to 
squatting  position;  extend  knees  and  recover. 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times. 

The  body  is  raised  on  toes  slowly  at  one;  at  two  the  knees 
are  bent  slowly  to  squatting  position;  at  three  they  are  ex- 
tended slowly  and  at  four  the  starting  position  is  resumed ; 
execute  slowly;  breathe  naturally. 


FIG.  47. 


FIG.  48. 


5.  1 


Hop  to  side  straddle  position,  hands  on  hips,  bend  trunk  for 
ward  and  extend  arms  downward,  fingers  touching  ground; 
resume  straddle  with  hands  on  hips  and  hop  to  attention. 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  47. 

Execute  moderately  fast;  breathe  naturally. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


35 


Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Thrust  arms  forward;  swing 
right,  (left)  arm  up,  left,  (right)  down;  swing  to  front  hori 
zontal  and  recover. 

Four  counts,  or  alternating  in  eight  counts;  repeat  8  to  10 
times,  Fig.  48. 

The  thrust  and  recovery  are  forcible,  the  swings  brisk  but 
relaxed;  execute  moderately  fast;  exhale  on  first  and  third 
count  and  inhale  on  second  and  fourth. 


FIG.  49  a. 


FiG.  496. 


7.  1.  Step  position  forward  right,  or  left,  and  raise  arms  to  front  hor- 
izontal; lunge  forward  and  swing  arms  to  side  horizontal;  re- 
sume first  position  and  recover  position  of  attention. 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times,  Fig.  49  a  and  6. 

The  right  foot,  knee  extended  and  toes  depressed,  is  moved 
forward  once  its  length,  the  toes  resting  on  the  ground  lightly, 
the  weight  resting  on  the  left  leg,  and  the  arms  are  raised  to 


36  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

the  front  horizontal,  at  one;  at  two  the  right  foot  is  advanced 
and  planted  smartly,  the  distance  between  heels  being  about 
3-foot  lengths,  and  the  arms  are  swung  to  side  horizontal; 
right  knee  is  well  bent,  left  extended ;  trunk  and  head  erect; 
at  three  the  first  position,  and  at  four  the  position  of  atten- 
tion are  resumed ;  execute  moderately  fast;  exhale  on  first  and 
and  third  and  inhale  on  second  and  fourth  counts. 
8.  Breathing  exercise. 


FIG.  so. 

Fourth  Series. 

1.  Repeat  third  series. 

2.  1.  Hands  on   shoulders,  2.   PLACE,   3.   Extend   arms   upward- 

swing  arms  downward  laterally,  upward  laterally,  and  recover 
starting  position. 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times. 


3.  1. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


37 


The  first  and  fourth  motions  are  energetic;  the  second  and 
third  relaxed;  execute  moderately  fast;  inhale  on  first  and 
third  counts  and  exhale  on  second  and  fourth. 
To  side  straddle  with  arms  overhead,  2.  Hop,  3.  Bend  trunk 
forward  and  back  and  swing  arms  downward  and  upward. 

Two  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  50. 


FIG.  51. 

Being  in  the  straddle  position,  the  body  is  bent  forward  as 
far  as  possible  and  the  arms  are  swung  between  the  legs;  the 
arms  are  then  swung  upward  and  the  body  bent  backward; 
knees  extended;  execute  moderately  fast;  exhale  on  first  and 
inhale  on  second  count. 


38  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

4.  1.  Arms  to  thrust,  2.  RAISE,  3.  Thrust  arms  sideward  and  lunge 
sideward  right  and  left  alternately. 

Four  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  51. 


FIG. 


The  starting  position  is  resumed  at  two  and/owr;  the  dis- 
tance of  the  lunge  is  three  times  the  length  of  the  feet;  sup- 
porting leg  extended;  head  and  trunk  erect;  execute  moder- 
ately fast;  inhale  on  first  and  third  and  exhale  on  second  and 
fourth  counts. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  39 

5.  1.  Hands  on  shoulders,  2.  PLACE,  3    Bend  trunk  sideward  right 

and  extend  left  arm  obliquely  upward  and  right  obliquely 

downward;  swing  trunk  sideward  left  and  right  and  recover. 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  8  times,  Fig.  52. 

The  trunk  is  bent  to  the  right,  the  left  arm,  palm  down,  is 

extended  obliquely  upward  and  the  right  arm  obliquely 

downward,  at  one;  at  two  the  body  is  bent  to  the  left;  at  three 

to  the  right  and  at  four  the  starting  position  is  resumed;  arms 

extended;  knees  straight;  head  fixed;  execute  moderately  fast; 

breathe  naturally. 


FIG.  53. 

6.  1.  To  squatting  position,  hands  on  ground.  2.  BEND.  3.  Ex- 
tend right  and  left  legs  backward,  alternately. 

Four  counts;  repeat  6  to  10  times,  Fig.  53. 

The  squatting  position  is  the  starting  position,  from  there 
the  right  and  left  legs  are  extended  backward  and  brought 
back  to  the  squatting  position  again;  execute  moderately 
fast;  breathe  naturally. 


40  SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

7.  1.  Hands  on  shoulders.     2.  PLACE,  3.  Extend  arms  sideward 
and  swing  right  and  left  legs  sideward,  alternately. 
Four  counts;  repeat  8  to  10  times,  Fig.  54. 


FIG.  54. 

The  legs  are  extended  and  swung  loosely  to  the  side  as 
high  as  possible,  arms  being  extended  with  each  leg  move- 
ment; execute  moderately  fast;  inhale  on  one  and  three  and 
exhale  on  two  and  four. 
8.  Breathing  exercise. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  41 

Fifth  Series. 

This  series  is  composed  of  three  groups,  each  group  containing 
four  exercises,  and  together  they  form  a  combination  which  can  be 
adapted  to  music. 

Each  exercise  is  composed  of  four  movements  and  should  be 
repeated  four,  times,  twice  to  the  right  and  twice  to  the  left,  alter- 
nately, except  the  last,  which  is  repeated  in-  the  same  direction. 
The  third  position  always  corresponds  to  the  first,  and  the  fourth 
to  the  position  of  attention. 

When  performed  to  music  it  is  advisable  to  employ  "two-four" 
time,  allowing  two  beats  to  every  movement,  or  four  measures  to 
an  exercise,  the  action  occurring  on  the  first  beat  and  a  pause  in 
position  during  the  second  beat.  If  this  is  done  and  the  tempo  is 
made  to  suit  the  movements,  it  will  be  possible  to  execute  the  exer- 
cises with  precision  and  vigor,  and  slurring  a  movement  for  the  sake 
of  keeping  time  will  be  eliminated.  Every  group  should  be  pre- 
ceded by  an  introduction  of  four  measures. 


42 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 

FIRST  GROUP. 
First  Exercise. 


FIG.  55.  FIG.  56. 

Counts. 

1 — 2.  Raise  arms  overhead  laterally  and  step  position  forward  right. 
Fig.  55. 

3 — 4.  Lunge  forward  right  and  swing  the  arms  downward  and  back- 
ward laterally.     Fig.  56. 

5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 

7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 
Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


Second  Exercise. 


FIG.  57.  FIG.  58. 

Counts. 
1 — 2.  Raise  right  arm  obliquely  upward  to  the  right,  and  left  arm 

obliquely  backward  to  the  left,  and  step  position  forward 

to  the  right  with  the  right  foot.     Fig.  57. 
3 — 4.  Lunge  obliquely  forward  to  the  right  and  swing  right  arm 

downward  to  the  rear,  and  left  arm  obliquely  upward,  Fig.  58. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


44 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES, 


Third  Exercise. 


FIG.  59.  FIG.  60. 

Counts. 

1 — 2.  Flex  arms  over  shoulders  with  lateral  motion,  knuckles  to  the 

rear,  hands  closed,  and  step  position  sideward  right.     Fig.  59. 
3 — 4.  Lunge  sideward  right  and  extend  arms  to  side  horizontal, 

knuckles  to  the  rear.    Fig.  GO. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


45 


Fourth  Exercise. 


FIG.  61.  FIG.  62. 

Counts. 
1 — 2.  Raise  arms  to  side  horizontal  and  step  position  backward  right. 

Fig.  61. 
3 — 4.  Lunge  backward  right  and  raise  arms  overhead,   knuckles 

out.     Fig.  62. 

5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


SECOND  GROUP. 
First  Exercise. 


FIG.  63. 
Counts. 

1 — 2.  Lunge  forward  right  and  raise  arms  to  side  horizontal.     Fig.  63. 
3 — 4.  Bend  trunk  forward  and  move  arms  downward.     Fig.  64. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 
Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


47 


.  64. 


48 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


Second  Exercise. 


FIG.  65. 


Counts. 
1—2. 


Lunge  sideward  right  and  raise  right  arm  obliquely  upward, 

and  left  arm  obliquely  downward.     Fig.  65. 
3 — 4.  Bend   trunk   sideward   right   and   swing   left   arm   upward, 

knuckles  out,   and  right  arm  downward  in  rear  of  body, 

knuckles  out.     Fig.  66. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


49 


FIG.  66. 


37667°— 16 4 


50 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


Third  Exercise. 


FIG.  67. 
Counts. 

1 — 2.  Lunge  obliquely  forward  to  the  right,  and  raise  arms  overhead 

laterally.     Fig.  67. 
3 — 4.  Bend  trunk  forward  and  swing  arms  downward  and  upward. 

Fig.  68. 

5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


51 


FIG.  68. 


52 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


Fourth  Exercise. 


FIG.  69. 
Counts, 

1 — 2.  Lunge  backward  right  and   raise   arms  to  side   horizontal, 

knuckles  up.     Fig.  69. 
3 — 4.  Bend  trunk  and  head  backward  and  raise  arms  overhead 

palms  in.  Fig.  70. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


53 


FIG.  70. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


THIRD  GROUP. 
First  Exercise. 


FIG.  71. 
Counts. 
1 — 2.  Stride  forward  right  and  flex  arms  over  shoulders  laterally, 

hands  closed,  knuckles  up.     Fig.  71. 
3 — 4.  Face  to  the  left  on  both  heels,  bending  knees  and  striking 

arms  sideward,  knuckles  down.     Fig.  72. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


55 


FIG.  72. 


56 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


Second  Exercise. 


FIG.  73. 

Counts. 

1 — 2.  Stride  sideward  right  and  raise  and  circle  arms  outward,  cross- 
ing them  below.     Fig.  73. 

3 — 4.  Bend  right  knee  and  trunk  obliquely  forward,  clasp  thigh 
with  arms.     Fig.  74. 

5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 

7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 
Repeat  left,  right,  left. 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES.  57 


FIG.  74. 


58 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


Third  Exercise. 


FIG,  75.  FIG.  76. 

Counts. 
1 — 2.  Stride  backward  right,   and  raise  arms  overhead  laterally, 

palms  in.     Fig.  75. 
3 — 4.  Turn  about  on  both  heels,  bend  left  knee  and  trunk  backward 

and  lower  arms  to  side  horizontal,  palms  up.     Fig.  76. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  left,  right,  left/ 


SETTING-UP  EXERCISES. 


59 


Fourth  Exercise. 


FIG.  77. 
Counts. 
1 — 2.  Bend  to  the  squatting  position,  hands  on  the  ground.     Same 

as  Fig.  45a. 

3 — 4.  Extend  to  the  leaning-rest  with  legs  straddled.     Fig.  77. 
5 — 6.  Resume  first  position. 
7 — 8.  Resume  position  of  attention. 

Repeat  four  times. 

NOTE. — Length  of  stride  in  these  exercises  should  be  28  inches 
between  heels. 


FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED. 

SHOCK. 

Shock  is  a  more  or  less  profound  depression  of  the  nervous  system. 
Collapse  is  another  term  used  in  describing  this  condition.  A  per- 
son sustaining  injuries,  burns,  or  even  sudden  fright  is  liable  to 
suffer  from  shock.  The  amount  of  shock  depends  not  so  much  upon 
the  nature  of  the  accident  as  upon  the  character  of  the  individual. 

SYMPTOMS  OF  SHOCK. — The  onset  of  the  symptoms  is  likely  to 
be  unnoticed  unless  looked  for. 

There  is  either  apathy  (a  stupid  condition  in  which  the  patient 
manifests  no  interest  in  what  is  taking  place  about  him),  partial  or 
complete  unconsciousness,  feeble  breathing,  face  pale,  pinched,  and 
anxious;  eyelids  drooping,  eyes  dull,  and  pupils  dilated ;  pulse  feeble, 
usually  rapid,  and  often  absent  at  the  wrist;  the  skin  is  cold,  and  there 
may  be  shivering;  sometimes  the  mind  wanders.  These  symptoms 
may  follow  the  slightest  injury,  and  again  they  may  be  absent  or 
only  present  in  a  slight  degree  after  the  severest  accident.  In  most 
cases  reaction  will  take  place  in  a  few  hours;  in  others  no  reaction 
takes  place,  and  the  person  dies  from  heart  failure. 

TREATMENT. — If  there  is  severe  bleeding  it  must  be  stopped,  but 
no  more  than  this  should  be  done  until  after  attending  to  the  shock. 
Place  the  patient  in  a  horizontal  position,  the  head  slightly  lowered; 
give  a  dessert-spoonful  of  whisky  or  alcoholic  liquor  in  a  table- 
spoonful  of  hot  water  every  15  minutes  until  five  or  six  doses  have 
been  taken.  Wring  out  flannels  in  hot  water  and  lay  them  on 
the  chest  and  abdomen;  then  cover  the  patient  with  a  blanket 
to  keep  in  the  heat.  Place  hot  water  bottles,  hot  bricks,  or  any- 
thing hot  along  both  the  sides  of  the  body  and  legs,  inside  the  thighs, 
and  under  the  armpits;  in  using  hot  water  bottles  or  hot  bricks  care 

61 


62  FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED. 

must  be  had  not  to  burn  the  patient,  and  to  warm  and  stimulate  the 
patient  in  every  way  is  the  object  of  treatment. 

SUFFOCATION. 

If  a  person  has  been  under  water,  or  in  a  room  full  of  illuminating 
gas  or  thick  with  smoke,  in  a  sewer,  old  mine,  or  well,  or  has  been 
hanged  or  choked,  in  every  case  the  result  is  the  same;  the  air  has 
been  prevented  from  reaching  the  lungs,  consequently  he  is  suffo- 
cated. The  person  may  be  completely  insensible,  breathing 
slightly  or  not  at  all,  his  face  purple  and  swollen,  lips  livid;  but 
these  signs  are  not  always  present,  for  instance,  in  cases  of  exposure 
to  a  noxious  gas. 

TREATMENT. — If  it  be  hanging,  cut  the  rope.  If  water,  take  it 
out  of  him;  do  not  let  the  fact  that  hours  have  elapsed  be  your  ex- 
cuse, as  in  apparent  drowning,  as  well  as  in  other  forms  of  suffoca- 
tion, people  have  recovered  after  being  insensible  for  long  intervals. 
A  person  taken  out  of  the  water,  either  drowned  or  apparently  so, 
may  have  a  purple,  swollen  face,  livid  lips,  and  eyes  bloodshot,  in 
which  case  he  has  fought  against  death  and  has  been  suffocated  by 
the  exclusion  of  air  from  the  lungs,  and  possibly  has  drawn  water 
instead  of  air  into  them.  If  he  appears  pale  and  flabby,  it  is  probable 
he  has  fainted  or  there  has  been  some  failure  of  the  heart.  The 
treatment  must  be  carried  out  on  the  spot,  except  in  extremely  cold 
weather,  when  it  is  proper  to  remove  the  body  to  a  place  of  shelter 
if  it  be  near.  The  first  object  is  to  make  the  patient  breathe.  Send 
immediately  for  blankets,  dry  clothes,  and  stimulants;  allow  the 
chest  and  shoulders  to  be  exposed  to  the  wind.  Open  the  clothing 
about  the  neck  and  waist;  turn  the  patient  on  his  face;  clasp  your 
hands  together  beneath  the  stomach  and  lift  as  high  as  possible, 
letting  the  head  hang  down  so  that  the  water  can  run  out.  Hold  in 
this  position  for  a  few  seconds  and  turn  patient  on  his  back;  if 


FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED.  63 

breathing  is  absent,  apply  smelling  salts  to  the  nose,  holding  the 
container  a  few  inches  away  from  face ;  tickle  the  nose  with  feather 
or  straw;  dash  cold  water  on  the  chest  and  face;  or  first  cold  water, 
then  hot  water,  being  careful  not  to  burn  the  patient.  If  the  above 
measures  are  not  successful  in  a  few  moments,  you  must  resort  to 
artificial  respiration. 

ARTIFICIAL  RESPIRATION. 

The  Schaefer  or  prone  pressure  method  of  artificial  respiration  is 
now  generally  used.  The  advantages  of  this  method  are  that  by  it  a 
greater  amount  of  air  is  gotten  into  the  lungs,  it  is  not  necessary  to 
hold  the  tongue  out,  and  it  is  much  easier  for  the  operator.  Unless 
the  operator  is  extremely  rough  no  danger  attends  its  practice. 

In  the  Schaefer  method  the  patient  is  laid  on  the  ground  face  down. 
The  arms  may  be  stretched  out  at  full  length  over  his  head  or  one 
arm  may  be  bent  so  the  forehead  rests  upon  it.  In  either  case  the 
face  must  be  placed  slightly  to  one  side  so  that  the  ground  will  not 
block  off  the  air  from  nose  and  niouth. 

As  soon  as  the  patient  is  in  proper  position  the  operator  kneels  at 
one  side  or  astride  his  body,  but  without  resting  his  weight  upon  it. 
The  palms  of  his  hands  are  placed  on  the  short  ribs  across  the  small 
of  the  back,  with  the  thumbs  nearly  together.  The  operator,  by  let- 
ting his  weight  fall  on  his  wrists,  by  bending  his  body  forward  de- 
creases the  size  of  the  chest,  and  the  air  is  expelled  from  the  lungs. 
The  pressure  is  then  released  by  the  operator  swinging  backward, 
the  elastic  chest  springs  out  to  its  original  size,  and  the  air  is  drawn 
into  the  lungs.  The  movement  is  at  the  rate  of  12  to  14  a  minute. 
Better  time  with  a  watch. 

Whatever  the  method  of  artificial  respiration  used,  it  should  be 
kept  up  for  at  least  an  hour  and  a  half. 


64  FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED. 

BURNS. 

Burns  are  dangerous,  however  caused.     Influenced  by  their  loca- 
tion, depth,  and  extent,  they  are  divided  into  three  classes  or  degrees: 
First  degree:  When  the  skin  is  simply  reddened. 
Second  degree:  When  the  skin  is  blistered. 
Third  degree:  When  the  skin  is  charred. 
If  they  are  of  large  size,  they  are  apt  to  be  fatal. 

They  are  always  accompanied  by  shock.  Treat  by  applying  freely 
on  the  affected  parts  carron  oil  (which  consists  of  equal  parts  of  lin- 
seed oil  and  limewater) ;  cover  the  parts  thickly  with  cotton  batting 
or  flannel;  secure  the  whole  with  a  light  bandage.  The  air  most  be 
kept  from  the  burned  parts  and  they  must  be  kept  warm.  Burns 
may  be  treated  with  free  applications  of  sweet  oil,  fresh  lard,  vase- 
line, etc. 

SCALDS. 

Burns  from  steam  may  be  treated  by  dusting  the  parts  thickly 
with  bicarbonate  of  soda  (commonly  known  as  baking  soda).  Cover 
the  parts  in  the  same  manner  as  burns  from  heat,  with  cotton  batting 

or  flannel. 

WOUNDS. 

A  wound  is  a  breach  of  continuity  of  the  tissue  or  a  division  of 
tissue.  Wounds  are  of  various  kinds — incised,  lacerated,  contused, 
etc. — and  are  dangerous  in  proportion  to  their  location,  extent,  and 
depth.  For  practical  reasons  this  subject  will  be  treated  from  the 
standpoint  of  asepsis,  i.  e.,  teaching  how  to  dress  a  wound  so  as  to 
lessen  the  danger  of  blood  poisoning.  If  a  doctor  is  available,  his 
services  should  be  secured.  Wounds  should  be  treated  with  an 
antiseptic  solution  made  of  a  tablet  of  bichloride  of  mercury  dis- 
solved in  a  quart  of  water.  These  tablets  are  carried  in  the  medical 
bag  accompanying  each  hook  and  ladder  truck  in  the  Department. 


FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED.  65 

Take  some  gauze,  soak  it  in  the  solution  and  wash  out  the  wound, 
being  sure  to  remove  all  foreign  matter,  such  as  grit,  splinters,  pieces 
of  cloth,  in  fact,  anything  that  does  not  belong  in  the  wound,  then 
place  a  compress  of  gauze  wet  with  the  solution  on  the  wound,  then 
bandage  comfortably  to  prevent  the  ingress  of  germ  into  the  wound. 

HEMORRHAGE  OR  BLEEDING. 

When  a  wound  occurs,  it  is  usually  accompanied  by  bleeding — 
this  may  be  profuse  or  small.  When  the  small  blood  vessels  are 
opened  the  bleeding  is  called  oozing,  because  it  comes  from  the 
capillaries.  When  the  larger  blood  vessels,  such  as  the  arteries  and 
veins,  are  opened,  the  hemorrhage  is  profuse'  and  requires  imme- 
diate attention  for  its  control.  If  the  wound  is  in  an  artery,  the 
blood  flows  with  a  spurt  or  impulse  and  is  bright  red  in  color. 

If  the  wound  is  in  a  vein,  the  blood  flows  smoothly  and  is  of  a 
dark  red  or  purple  color.  Frequently  both  artery  and  vein  are 
opened  because  they,  as  a  rule,  accompany  each  other,  running  side 
by  side.  We  then  have  a  mixed  hemorrhage  which  makes  it  impos- 
sible to  determine  from  its  appearance  whether  an  artery  or  vein 
have  been  opened,  or  both.  Quickly  checking  the  flow  of  blood  is 
the  object  to  be  attained,  and  for  this  reason  it  is  better  to  compress 
the  blood  vessel  by  placing  your  finger  or  thumb  in  the  wound, 
making  as  much  pressure  as  you  can,  placing  a  compress  over  the 
wound  and  binding  it  tightly  on.  If  this  does  not  control  the 
bleeding,  you  must  apply  a  tourniquet  at  a  point  between  the 
wound  and  the  heart;  they  may  be  made  from  rubber  hose,  rope, 
cord,  suspenders,  bandages,  or  any  cloth  that  will  encircle  the 
injured  limb — a  handkerchief  folded  in  a  triangle  in  which  a  small 
stone  or  any  hard  substance  is  placed  may  be  wound  around  the 
limb,  and  a  loop  through  which  a  stick  may  be  passed  can  be  used 
as  a  capstan  for  tightening  the  compress. 
37667°— 16 5 


66  FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED. 

Study  the  situation  of  the  arteries  in  order  that  we  may  know  at 
what  points  to  compress  them,  but  unless  the  wound  is  in  the  leg  or 
arm,  the  bleeding  must  be  arrested  by  placing  the  fingers  or  a  pad 
directly  over  the  bleeding  point,  as  when  the  wound  is  in  the  chest 
or  abdomen  it  is  not  possible  to  reach  and  compress  the  arteries 
which  convey  the  blood  to  the  wound.  Any  hemorrhage  may  be 
stopped  by  direct  application  of  pressure  to  the  bleeding  point. 

In  the  upper  arm  the  artery  lies  on  the  inner  side  of  the  bone  and 
under  the  biceps  muscle;  by  pressing  the  thumb  deep  under  this 
muscle  and  toward  the  bone  the  artery  may  be  compressed. 

In  the  upper  part  of  the  thigh  the  artery  lies  in  front  and  just 
below  the  center  of  the  groin ;  by  deep  pressure  with  the  two  thumbs 
at  this  point  the  blood  supply  of  the  whole  leg  may  be  cut  off. 

The  supply  of  blood  to  the  shoulder,  armpit,  and  whole  arm  is 
interrupted  by  compressing  the  artery  which  lies  under  the  collar 
bone;  to  do  this,  stand  behind  the  patient  and  thrust  the  fingers 
far  down  behind  the  collar  bone. 

A  bleeding  wound  should  be  treated  as  follows:  Lay  the  patient 
at  full  length,  the  head  very  slightly  raised;  raise  the  part  of  the 
body  wounded  to  a  higher  level  than  the  rest,  expose  the  wound — • 
that  is,  if  there  is  clothing  or  anything  else  in  the  way,  remove  it — • 
then  cleanse  the  wound  and  bandage  it  as  described  before.  Venous 
bleeding  in  a  limb  is  controlled  by  raising  the  limb. 

In  cases  where  there  is  bleeding  from  places  to  which  it  is  difficult 
to  apply  pressure  or  a  bandage  properly,  a  piece  of  ice  may  be  held 
on  the  compress,  allowing  the  very  cold  water  to  reach  the  wound. 
Ice  or  cold  in  any  form  will  arrest  moderate  bleeding;  use  very  cold 
water  if  a  bleeding  wound  is  to  be  washed,  or  else  use  water  as  hot 
as  can  be  borne — either  contracts  the  blood  vessel.  Warm  water  or 
warmth  in  any  form  increases  bleeding. 


FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED.  67 

FRACTURES. 

A  fracture  is  a  broken  bone.  In  simple  fractures  the  bone  is 
broken,  but  skin  is  not  injured  to  such  an  extent  as  to  expose  the 
bone. 

A  compound  fracture  is  so  called  because  the  skin  and  the  inter- 
vening parts  are  also  divided  down  to  point  of  fracture.  In  com- 
pound fractures  the  ends  of  the  broken  bone  may  be  driven  through 
the  skin.  A  compound  fracture  is  more  serious  and  dangerous  than 
a  simple  fracture. 

TREATMENT. — The  treatment  by  any  but  a  surgeon  must  depend 
on  the  surrounding  circumstances;  rid  yourself  of  the  idea  that 
something  must  be  done  immediately.  There  is  not  the  least  hurry 
about  setting  a  fracture.  If  the  patient  can  remain  at  or  near  the 
scene  of  accident  until  the  surgeon  arrives,  place  him  in  a  comfort- 
able position  and  uncover  the  injured  part;  cut  everything  such  as 
clothing  away  with  scissors  or  sharp  knife;  place  injured  part  on  a 
pillow  or  other  soft  material;  lay  a  wet  cloth  on  the  fracture  and 
sprinkle  it  frequently  with  cold  water.  Do  not  by  unnecessary 
handling  add  to  the  suffering  of  the  injured  one  and  perhaps  retard 
his  recovery. 

If  a  patient  must  be  moved  for  any  reason  before  the  arrival  of 
the  surgeon,  you  may  draw  the  bone  into  as  nearly  its  natural  position 
as  possible  by  placing  one  hand  above  and  the  other  below  the  seat 
of  fracture  and  pulling  steadily  without  using  unnecessary  violence ; 
take  two  pieces  of  board  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  bone  that  is 
injured,  and,  if  possible,  as  wide  as  the  limb  is  thick,  place  on  them 
a  pad  made  of  cotton  batting  or  any  soft  substance,  apply  them  on 
the  limb  and  secure  firmly  by  tying  them  with  strips  of  cloth  or 
handkerchiefs,  placing  them  above  and  below  the  seat  of  the  frac- 
ture; anything  with  a  flat  surface  may  be  used  for  splints.  In  an 
emergency,  for  a  fracture  of  the  leg  below  the  knee  a  soft  pillow  may 


68  FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED. 

be  placed  under  the  leg,  turning  up  the  sides  of  the  pillow  and 
securing  it  firmly  about  the  leg  with  strings  of  cloth,  handkerchiefs, 
etc. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  WOUNDED. 

When  it  is  necessary  to  remove  an  injured  person  from  one  place 
to  another  it  should  be  done  in  such  a  manner  as  to  cause  him  as 
little  danger  and  suffering  as  possible.  By  rough  handling  and 
transportation,  the  sharp  ends  of  a  broken  bone  may  be  thrust 
through  the  flesh  or  may  cut  into  an  artery,  or  the  wound  may  bleed 
afresh.  After  the  wound  has  been  attended  to,  the  patient  should, 
if  possible,  be  placed  on  a  stretcher.  Stretchers  may  be  improvised 
from  doors,  shutters,  boards,  and,  what  is  more  convenient  for  use 
in  the  Department,  horse  blankets,  carried  on  the  apparatus, 
stretched  over  the  handles  of  the  short  hooks  and  secured  by  safety 
pins,  make  a  good  means  of  transporting  the  injured.  Wrhen  ready 
to  place  the  patient  on  a  stretcher,  one  bearer  kneels  on  each  side  of 
the  patient  and  joins  hands  underneath  his  hips  and  shoulders  with 
the  bearer  on  the  opposite  side;  a  third  man  attends  to  the  wounded 
limb  and  looks  after  the  bandage  or  splints  that  may  have  been  ap- 
plied. The  bearers  then  rise  to  their  feet,  raising  the  patient  in  a 
horizontal  position,  and  by  a  series  of  side  steps  bring  the  patient 
over  the  stretcher  (which  should  always  be  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  patient  on  a  line  with  his  body);  he  should  be  lowered  quietly 
onto  it  and  made  as  comfortable  as  possible.  The  taller  of  the  two 
bearers  places  himself  between  the  handles  at  the  head  of  the  patient 
and  the  other  at  the  foot.  The  bearer  at  the  head  starts  with  lu's 
left  foot,  the  other  with  his  right.  Should  they  keep  step,  the 
stretcher  would  roll  badly.  The  patient  is  carried  feet  first,  except- 
ing when  going  up  a  hill  or  upstairs,  when  he  is  carried  head  first. 
Other  means  for  transporting  the  injured  when  a  stretcher  can  not 
be  procured  or  improvised  have  been  taught  in  the  Department 


FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED.  69 

schools  of  instruction  and  are  familial  to  all  members' of  the  uni- 
formed force. 

HYGIENE. 

Hygiene  is  the  care  and  promotion  of  health  and  prevention  of 
disease.  The  human  body  must  be  protected  from  harmful  external 
influences  by  proper  clothing  and  suitable  homes — the  waste  effects 
must  be  removed  by  the  proper  applications  of  the  principles  of  clean- 
liness and  a  suitable  amount  of  treatment  must  be  provided. 

Pure  air  is  essential  to  health — the  atmospheric  air  is  composed  of 
oxygen  20.96,  nitrogen  78,  argon  1,  carbon  dioxide  0.04,  in  TOO  parts> 
with  traces  of  ammonia,  watery  vapor,  and  organic  matter.  When  the 
atmosphere  becomes  confined  its  composition  differs  from  that  of 
pure  normal  air;  the  change  in  its  composition  is  due  to  the  respi- 
ration of  persons  and  artificial  illumination  and  heating,  which 
results  in  a  decrease  of  oxygen;  also  an  increase  of  temperature  of 
the  air  and  an  addition  of  watery  vapors  and  some  volatile  matter 
from  the  lungs  of  the  individuals  present;  and  also  to  the  presence 
of  dust  and  bacteria. 

Sufficient  fresh  air  should  be  admitted  to  an  apartment  to  destroy 
all  sensible  odors  or  impurities  resulting  from  imperfect  ventilation. 
Such  an  exchange  of  air  is  called  ventilation. 

It  is  estimated  that  one  person  should  have  room  of  sufficient  size 
to  contain  at  least  3,000  cubic  feet  of  pure  air  per  hour. 

The  skin  throws  off  daily  a  certain  amount  of  matter,  both  solid 
and  liquid,  which  should  be  removed — neglect  to  do  so  will  cause 
ill  health.  Cool  baths  should  be  taken  frequently,  once  a  day  upon 
rising,  if  possible,  but  in  no  case  should  they  be  taken  less  than  three 
or  four  times  a  week. 

The  .scalp,  nails,  and  parts  of  the  body  where  there  is  a  growth  of 
hair  should  be  cleaned  regularly.  The  teeth  should  be  cleaned 
morning  and  night. 


70  FIRST  AID  TO  THE  INJURED. 

Heating  of  rooms  varies  according  to  the  season  of  the  year.  The 
temperature  of  rooms  for  house  dwellers  should  be  in  winter  between 
60°  and  70°  F.  and  in  summer  from  65°  to  75°  F. 

A  too  high  degree  of  heat  in  dwellings  interferes  with  heat  conduc- 
tion and  evaporation,  while  a  too  low  temperature,  by  reason  of  the 
withdrawal  of  the  body  heat  in  a  greater  rate  than  it  is  substituted, 
is  dangerous.  Sudden  changes  causing  disturbance  in  the  heat 
equilibrium  of  the  body,  thereby  lowering  the  resisting  force  o!  the 
body,  predispose  to  certain  disease. 

EXERCISE. — Fatigue  is  a  purely  personal  factor  and  depends  on 
individual  susceptibility  and  is  counteracted  by  keeping  the  body 
fit  by  a  proper  degree  of  exercise.  Good  habits,  above  all  else,  are 
the  best  safeguard  against  the  contraction  of  disease. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
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WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
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